Model questions
1. QTL stands for Quantitative trait loci
2. Who coined the term
quantitative trait loci – Gelderman
(1975)
3.
NTS stands
for Non transcribed region
|
Used for the identification of fungal species
|
4.
ITS stands
for Internal transcribed spacer
5. Expand ISEM- Immuno-sorbent electron microscopy (developed
by Derrick)
6. Sterilization temperature – 121.6o C for 15psi for 15-20min
7. Mention any 2 surface
sterilizing agents – Mercuric chloride
(0.1%), Sodium hypochloride (1%)
8. Expand ELISA – Enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay
9. ELISA was developed by – Voller (1976), Clark and Adams (1977)
10. Sensitivity of ELISA – 1-10 ng/ml
11. Sensitivity of PCR – 1-10 pg/ml
12. Substrate used in ELISA – Para Nitrophenol phosphate (PPP)
13. Plates used in ELISA is made
of Polystyrene plate
14. Most sensitive technique
used for the detection of Plant pathogens – ELISA
15. No of wells present in ELISA
plate - 96
16. DNA barcoding was proposed
by – Paul Hebert’s (2003)
17. ISTA stands for – International seed testing association
18. Blotter paper method was
developed by – Louis Doyer (1938)
|
Northern blotting (RNA)
Alwine,
1971
Western blotting
(Protein) Burnette, 1971
Southern blotting (DNA)
E. M. Southern, 1973
·
Western blotting procedure was given by – Towbin, 1979
|
19. DIBA stands for – Dot immunobinding assay
20. DIBA was developed by – Goodwin and Bantarri (1985)
21. Substrate used in DIBA – BCIP -5 Bromo -4-chloro, 3-indolyl
phosphate and
NBT – Nitroblue tetrazolium
22. Plate used in DBIA – Nitrocellulose plate
23. PCR was discovered by – Karry Mullis (1983)
24. Substrate used in PCR – Taq polymerase (Thermus aquaticus)
25. Standard extension temperature
in PCR - 720C
26. Expand RAPD – Random amplified polymorphic DNA (Williams)
27. Expand RFLP – Restriction fragment length polymorphism (Bolstein)
28. Expand PAGE – Polyacryl amide gel electrophoresis
29. Expand LAMP – Loop mediated isothermal amplification (Notomi,
2000)
30. PTGS (RNAi interference) was
described by – Andrew Fire and Craig
Mello (1998), got noble in 2006
31. PTGS first described in the
organism – Caenorhabditis elegans
(nematode)
32. DNA barcoding was proposed
by – Paul Hebert (2003)
33. Father of Indian mycology
and plant Pathology – E. J. Butler
34. 1st imperial
mycologist in India - E. J. Butler
35. Founder of Indian
Phytopathoogical society – B. B. Mundkur
(1947)
36. Fung and diseases in plants
was written by - E. J. Butler,1918
37. Fungi and Plant Diseases was
written by - B. B. Mundkur, 1948
38. Monograph on Indian
Ustiaginales was written by - B. B.
Mundkur
39. Name the 1st
pathogenic fungus completely genome sequenced – Magnoporthe grisea (Daen et al., 2005)
40. Name the 1st
pathogenic bacterium completely genome sequenced – Xylella fastidiosa (A. J.
G. Simpson et al., 2000)
41. Name the 1st
pathogenic virus completely genome sequenced – Cauliflower mosaic virus (Frank et
al., 1980)
42. Name the 1st
pathogenic RNA virus completely genome sequenced – TMV (Goelet et al., 1982)
43. Who coined gene for gene
hypothesis – H. H. Flor
44. Protein for protein
hypothesis – J. E. Vanderplank
45. Father of epidemiology - J. E. Vanderplank
46. What is the 1st
phytoalexin – Pisatin
47. Who coined the term
phytoalexin – Muller and Borger (1940), worked
on potato and Phytophthora infestans
48. Phytoalexin is a greek word
which means plant protecting substance
49. Father of seed pathology – Paul Neergaaurd
50. Who coined the term Seed Pathology
- Paul Neergaard and Mary noble
51. Internally seed borne fungi – Wheat
loose smut (Ustilgonuda tritici),
Loose smut of barley (Ustilagonuda
hordei)
52. Externally seed borne fungi
– Bunt of rice (Neovassia horrida),
Covered smut of jowar (Sphacelotheca
sorghi) and
Covered smut of barley (Ustilago hordei)
53. What is the resistant race of
Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici (UG99, present resistant Sr-31)
54. Who coined the term
appressorium – A. B. Frank
55. Foolish seedling diseases is
otherwise called as – Bakane disease
56. Killer disease of rice – Tungro disease
57. Fusarium producing mycotoxins – Deoxynivelonol,
Fumonisins and Trichothecins
58. Phenolic theory was given by
– J. C. Walker
59. Father of molecular plant
pathology – Noel Kein
60. Who coined the term elicitor
– Noel Kein (1975)
61. Irish famine – Phytophthora
infestans
62. Bengal famine – Bipolaris
oryzae
63. Molecular koch pastulates
was given by – Stanley Falkow
64. Who coined the term
Vivotoxin – Dimond and Waggoner (1953)
65. Phytoalexins
Bean – Phaseollin
Pea – Pistin
Potato - Rishitin
Sweet potato – Ipomeamarone
Fungi
66. Father of mycology – P. A. Michelli (book – Nova Plantarum Genera)
67. Linnaeus of mycology – E. M. Fries
68. Reconstructor of mycology – L. R. Tulsane
69. Father of forest pathology –
Robert Hartig
70. Father of tropical plant
pathology – H. M. Ward
71. Father of botany – Theophrastus
72. Great grandfather of
Phytopathogy – M. Tillet
73. 1st book
completely devoted to fungi – Theatrum fungorum (Van sterbeeck,
1675)
74. 1st text book in
plant pathology –The Diseases of cultivated
crops and Their causes and Their control (J. G. Khun, 1858)
75. J. G. Kuhn also considered as microscopic
manager
76. Sexual stage of rust fungi
(Pycnia) was discovered by – Craigie,
1927
77. Heterothallism was
discovered by – A. F. Blackslee, 1904
(Rhizopus stolonifer)
78. Temperature requirement of Yellow rust 10 - 15 o C
Leaf
rust 15 – 20 o C
Stem rust 20 – 30 o C
·
Yellow rust/ stripe rust – Puccinia
striiformis
·
Leaf rust/ brown ruts – Puccinia
recondita/ P. triticina
·
Stem rust/ black rust – Puccinia
graminis f. sp. tritici
79. Origin of physiological
races through heterokaryosis was reported by – Hansen and Smith (1932)
80. Heterokaryosis was reported
in which organism – Botrytis cinerea
81. Heterokaryosis – fusion of 2 different kinds of nuclei
82. Parasexuality was discovered
by – Pontecarvo and Roper (1952)
83. Parasexuality was observed
in – Aspergillus
nidulans
84. Hartig nets re found in – Ectomycorrhizae
85. Muriform conidia found in – Alternria (muriform – having both
horizontal and vertical septations)
86. Pyriform conidia found in – Pyricularia (Pyriform - pear-shaped, number of cells swollen at one end
resembling a tennis racquet)
87. Flame shaped conidia is produced by – Venturia
(browm, 2 celled)
88. Sickle shaped conidia – Colletotrichum
89. Filiform shaped ascospore – Claviceps (Scolecospore)
90. Filiform conidia is produced
- Mycosphaerilla
91. 1st Indian studied and started to collect
fungi – K. R. Kritikar
|
|
Asexual spores
|
Sexual spores
|
|
Mastigomycotina
|
Zoospore
|
Oospore
|
|
Zygomycotina
|
Sporangiospore, Chlamydospore , Oidia
|
Zygospore
|
|
Ascomycotina
|
Conidia
|
Ascospore
|
|
Basidiomycotina
|
Conidia
|
Basidiospore
|
92. Robigola festival is
celebrated on – April 25
93. Alternate names
|
Zygomycota
|
Yolk fungi
|
|
Ascomycota
|
Sac fungi
|
|
Basidiomycota
|
Club fungi
|
|
Deuteromycota
|
Dustbin fungi/ fungi imperfecti
|
94. Soft rot of sweet potato – Rhizopus
stolonifer
95. Soft rot of squash – Choanephora
cucurbitarum
96. Bread mould – Rhizopus
niger
97. Pin/ red bread mould – Neurospora
crassa
98. Peach leaf curl – Taphrina
deformans
99. Withes broom of cherries – Taphrina
ephiphyla
100.
Citrus scab is caused by – Elsinoe fawcetti
·
Grapes anthracnose is caused by – Elsinoe ampelina
·
Raspberry anthracnose is caused by – Elsinoe veneta
·
Rice sheath (cobra diseases of rice) blight is caused by – Rhizoctonia
sloani
·
Spindle shaped ascospore is produced by – Spermophthora gossypii
·
Hat shaped ascospore is produced by – Ascoidea rubescens
·
Leaf rust of rice – Entyloma oryzae
·
Crozier formation can be seen in – Ascomycota
(restricted dikarophage)
·
Clamp connection can be seen in – Basidiomcota
(extended diaryophage)
·
Green muscardian fungi – Metarhizium anisipliae
·
White muscardian fungi - Beauveria bassiana
·
Budding yeast - Sacchromyces cerevisiae
·
Fission yeast – Schizosacchromyces
·
Weed of the fungal world – Aspergillus niger
·
Aflotoxin is produced by – Aspergillus flavus/ Aspergillus parasiticus/
Aspergillus nominus
·
Colony colour
|
Aspergillus niger
|
Black
|
|
Aspergillus flavus
|
Green
|
|
Aspergillus tamari
|
Brown
|
|
Aspergillus ochrceus
|
Yellow
|
|
Aspergillus candidus
|
White
|
·
Candle snuff fungus – Xylaria hypoxylon
·
Dead man’s finger – Xylaria polymorpha
·
False morels – Helvella
·
True morels - Morchella
·
Podosphaera leucotricha produces - 1
ascs
·
Hypocrea/ Rufa produces – 16
ascospores (Hypocrea is
otherwise called as Rufa)
·
Podospora produces – 512 ascospores
·
Ballistospores – actively discharged
spores (forcily discharged)
·
Strastismospores – Passively discharged
spores
·
White pine blister blight is caused by – Cronartium rubigola
·
Repeating spores – Uredospores
·
Resting spores – Teliospores
·
Alternate host for Black stem rust – Barberry and Mahonia
Brown
rust – Thalictrum and Isopyron
Bajra stem rust - Brinjal
Jowar/ Sorghum rust – Oxalis corniculata (sleeping
beauty)
·
Demicyclic rust means – Lack of
uredial stage
(eg
– cedar apple rust – Gymnosporangium
juniper-viriginianae)
·
Appresorium – attachment organ
·
Haustoria – nutrients absorbing organ
·
Who 1st successfully reported axenic culture of cedar apple
rust – Cutter (1951)
·
Single celled teliospore – Uromyces
·
Double celled teliospore - Puccinia
·
Multicelled teliopsores – Phragmidium
·
Kidneyshaped uredospore/ Durnip
shaped teliospore – Hemileia (humped beacked/ renifrom
shape)
·
Crust like teliospore – Melampsora
·
House fungus – Serpula lachrymans
·
Coral fungus – Claviceps sp
·
Fairy rings fruiting bodies are formed by - Agaricus
·
Fly fungus – Entomophthora and Amanita muscaria
·
Earth ball fungi – Scleroderma
·
Earth star fungi – Geastrum
·
Give an example of phototrophic fungus – Pilobolus, Sardaria, Peziza
·
Ulcer like lesions is produced by – Anthracnose (Diplocarpon,
Elsinoe & Glomerella)
·
Diamond shaped symptoms produced by – Pyricularia oryzae
·
Target board symptoms produced by– Alternaria
·
Spore ball farming smut genera -
Urocystis,
Sporisorium
and Tolyposporium
·
Jet black conidia - Nigrospora
oryzae
·
Fusarium producing toxins – DON (Deoxynivelanol) Fumonisins,
Trichothecene, Zearalenone, Fusaic acid
|
Asexual stage/ Anemorph
|
Sexual stage/ teleomorphic
stage
|
|
Aspergillus
|
Eurotium
|
|
Penicillium
|
Talaromyces
|
|
Colletotrichum
|
Glomerella
|
|
Fusarium
|
Gibberella
|
|
Trichoderma
|
Hypocrea
|
|
Verticiliium
|
Hypocrea
|
|
Bipolaris
|
Cochiliobolus
|
|
Alternaria
|
Lewia
|
|
Drechslera
|
Pyrenophora
|
|
Botrytis
|
Botrytinia
|
|
Monilia
|
Monilinia
|
|
Rhizoctonia
|
Thanatephorous
|
|
Sclerotium
|
Aethalium
|
·
Mushrooms
|
White button mushroom
|
Agaricus bisporus
|
|
Oyster mushroom
|
Plerotus sojar-caju
|
|
Paddy straw mushroom
|
Volvariella volvaceae
|
|
Shiitake mushroom
|
Lentinus edodes
|
|
Milky mushroom
|
Calocybe indica
|
·
Death cap – Amanita muscaria (world’s deadliest mushroom, lethal dosage
0.1mg/kg of body weight)
·
Destroying angel – Amanita verna/ Amanita virosa
·
Example of holocarpic thallus - Olpidium and Synchytrium
·
Example of eucarpic thallus – Pythium and Phytophthora
·
Fungi cell wall is made up of – Chitin
·
Oomycota cell wall is made up of – Cellulose + hydroxyproline
·
Zygomycetes cell wall is made up
of - Chitosan chitin
·
Yeast cell wall is made up of – Mannin
β glucan
·
Mucor is otherwise called as – Pin
mould (stolons and rhizoids present)
·
Rhizopus otherwise called as – Bread
mould (stolons and rhizoids absent)
·
Fungi used for genetic studies –
Neurospora crassa, aspergillus
·
Bacteria used for genetic studies – Agrobacterium
·
Virus used for genetic studies – CaMV,
CMV, TMV
·
Inverted T shaped foot cells are present in – Aspergillus (absent in
penicilium)
|
Disease
|
Pathogen
|
Nature
|
Spore viability
|
|
Grain smut
|
Sphacelotheca soghi
|
Externally seed borne
|
>10yrs
|
|
Head smut
|
Sphacelotheca reliana
|
Seed and soil borne
|
2 yrs
|
|
Loose smut
|
Sphacelotheca cruenta
|
Externally seed borne
|
4 yrs
|
|
Long smut
|
Tolyposporium ehrenbergi
|
Air borne
|
2 yrs
|
Bacteria
1. Who coined the term bacteria
– Ehrenberg
2. Who 1st
discovered bacteria – Antonie van
Leeuwenhoek
3. Father of microbiology - Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
4. Founder of modern
bacteriology – Louis Pasteur
5. Father of bacteriological
techniques – Robert Koch
6. Father of plant bacteriology
– E. F. Smith
7. Father of Indian
bacteriology – M. K. Patel
8. Who reported the 1st
bacterial disease – T. J. Burill (1878)
9. What is the 1st
bacterial disease to be reported – Fire
blight of apple (Erwinia amylovora)
10. Who coined the term chemotherapy
– Paul Ehrlich
11. Who coined the term
genophore – Ris (1961)
12. Who started the school of
agriculture in pune – M. K. Patel
13. M. B. Waite (1891) – proved that insect helps (bees and wasps)
14. What is the first pant
bacterial disease reported in India – Bangle
blight of potato/ brown rot of potato (Ralstonia
solanacearum)
15. Length of bacteria – 0.5 to 1.0 µm
- 2.0 to 5.0 µm
16. Conformation test for gram staining was given by – Suslow (1952), 3 % KOH
17. Bacterial avirulent gene was
1st demonstrated by – Staskawics
(1984)
18. Fungal avirulent gene was 1st
demonstrated by – Dewitt
19. Bacterial avirulent gene – Pseudomonas
syringae pv. glycenia (avrD, Avr 6)
20. Fungal avirulent gene – Cladosporium
fulvum (CF 9)
21. 1st avirulent
gene to be discovered – Bacterial avirulent gene (soybean), then after fungal
avirulent gene
22. Who introduced the pathovar
system – Dye et al (1980)
23. Concept of bacterial
hypersensitivity – Klement (1964)
24. Concept of fungal
hypersensitivity – Stackmann (1915)
25. Concept of viral
hypersensitivity – Holmes (1929)
26. Gram staining
·
Primary stain – crystal violet
·
Mordant – iodine solution
·
Decolorizing agent – 95% alcohol
27. fluctuation test in bacteria
– Luria and Delbruck (1940)
28. fluctuation test is used for
the identification of – Bacterial
mutation
29. Penicillin was discovered by
– Alexander flemming (1928)
30. Streptomycin was discovered
by – Waksmann
31. Bacterial cell wall is made
up of – Mucopeptides/ peptidoglycon
32. Who proved that presence of
murein as bacterial cell wall – Weidal
(1960)
33. L form bacteria – cell wall lacking bacteria (Agrobcterium
and Erwinia)
34. V shaped bacteria – Corynebacterium
35. Endospore staining agent – Malachite green
36. Capsule staining agent – India ink
37. Murein A - Consists of β 3, 4 linkage
38. Murein B - Consists of β 2, 4 linkage
39. How many rings in gram
positive – 2 rings (M, S)
40. How many rings in gram
negative – 4 rings (L, P, M, S)
41. B’ dellovibrio – bacteria
that affect another gram negative bacteria (Stlop, 1962)
42. Conjugation – E.
coli (Lederberg and Tatum, 1946)
43. Transformation – Pneumonia
(Griffith, 1928)
44. Transduction – Solmonella
(Lederberg and Zinderberg, 1952)
45. Five kingdom classification
– Whittaker (1969)
46. Six kingdom classification –
Carl Woose (1977)
47. Xylem inhabiting bacteria – Xylella
fastidiosa and Clavibacter
48. Phloem inhabiting bacteria –
Serratia marcescens and Candidatus liberibacter
49. Endospore farming gram
positive bacteria – Bacillus and Clostridum
50. Size of Ti-plasmid – 200 kb
51. Size of T- DNA – 15-24kb
52. Endospore forming bacterial
genus – Bacillus, Clostridium etc
53.
Leafy gall disease – Rhodococcus fascians
causes out growth Olive knot disease – Psuedomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi in plants
54. Vector for bacterial wilt of
corn – Corn flea beetle (Chaetonema pulicaria & C. denticulata)
55. Vector for vascular wilt of
cucurbits – Striped cucumber beetle
(Diabrotia vittata)
Spotted cucumber beetle (D. duodecimpunctata)
56. Most of the plant pathogenic
bacteria are – Rod shaped (g-ve)
57. The term plasmid was coined
by – Lederberg (1952)
58. Hydathodes – Black rot of cabbage
Bacterial leaf blight
of rice
59. Stomata – Bacterial leaf streak
60. Trichomes - Bacterial canker of tomato
61. Lenticels – Potato scab
62. Atrichous – Xylella
63. Monotrochous – Xanthomonas
64. Amphitrichous – Pseudomonas
spp
65. Peritrichous – Erwinia
66. Cephalotrichous – Pseudomonas
fluorescens
67. Bergey’s manual of
determinative bacteriology was published in – 1923
68. Bergey’s manual of systemic
bacteriology was published in – 1984
69. 2nd edition of Bergey’s
manual of systemic bacteriology was published in – 2004
70. Elimination of plasmid is known
as – Curing
71. Agents used for the
elimination of plasmid – Acridine dye,
heat and Uv light
72. Agrobacterium – Conn (1942)
73. Clavibacter – Davis (1984)
74. Erwinia – Winslow (1920)
75. Pseudomonas – Migula (1894)
76. Xanthomonas – Dowson (1939)
77. Bacterium mostly used for
horizontal gene transfer – Agrobacterium
78. Average speed of bacteria – 30 – 50 µm/ sec
79. Mode of action of
phseolotoxin (Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola) – inactivates
the enzyme carbamoyltransferase
80. Mode of action of Tabtoxin (P. syringae pv.
tabaci) – Inhibits glutamine synthatase
81. Protoplast – totally damaged cell wall (g+ve)
82. Spheroplast – partially damaged cell wall (g-ve)
83. PPLO
– no cell wall
84. Conjugation – E. coli - Lederberg and
tatum - 1946
85. Transformation – Pneumonia – Griffith -
1928
86. Transduction – Solmonella – Lederberg and
zinderberg - 1952
87. Test used to identify
bacterial diseases – Ooze out test
88. Gram stating was developed by – Christian gram (1884)
89. L form of bacteria means – lack of cell wall
90. L form of bacteria was
isolated by – Klieneberger nobel (1935)
91. Exotoxins are found in
– both
g-ve and g+ve
92. Endotoxins are found in – g-ve
93. Bacteriophage was discovered
by – Twort and Herelle (1915, 1917)
94. Ralstonia solanacearum races
Race 1 – Solanaceae
Race
2 – Musaceae
Race
3 – Potato
Race 4 – Ginger
Race 5 - Mulberry
95. Bacteria blight of
pomegranate – Xanthomonas axinopodis pv.
punicae
96. Sugarcane ratoon stunting is
caused by – Leifsonia xyli subsp. Xyli (transmitted by
setts)
Plant virology
1. Father of virology – Beijernick
2. Who developed local lesion
assay – Holmes
3. TMV was 1st
purified by – Stanley (1935) by using ammonium sulphate
4. Viroid was discovered by – Diener and Raymer (1971)
5. 1st viroid
diseases to be reported – potato spindle
tuber viroid
6. 1st viroid
disease in India – Tomato bunchy top
viroid
7. Cross protection technique
was developed by – Mckinney (1929)
8. Hybridoma technology for
monoclonal antibody production was developed by – Kholer and Milstein
(1975)
9. ELISA was developed by – Voller (1976), Clark and Adams (1977)
10. Phytoplasma – Doi (1967), Mulberry dwarf
11. Spiroplasma – Davis (1972), Corn stunt diseases
12. Satellite virus was
discovered by – Kassanis (1962)
13. Bimodal transmission was 1st
reported by – Chalfant and Chapman
(1962) on CaMV
14. 1st DNA virus to
be completely genome sequenced – CaMV
(Frank et al, 1980)
15. 1st RNA virus to
be completely genome sequenced – TMV
(Goelet et al, 1982)
|
Content
|
NA (Nucleic acid ) %
|
Protein %
|
|
All viruses
|
5 – 40
|
60 - 95
|
|
TMV
|
5
|
95
|
|
Turnip yellow mosaic virus
|
34
|
66
|
16. Fovea virus – Apple stem pitting virus
17. Trichovirus – Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus
18. Largest plant virus – Rhabdovirus
19. Largest plant virus family –
Potyviridae
20. Longest plant virus – CTV
21. Smallest viroid – Coconut
cudang cudang viroid (246)
22. largest viroid – Chrysanthemum chlorotic mottle viroid (401)
23. TMV
·
158 – amino acids
·
2130 – capsomere sub-units
·
6400 – Nucleotides
·
Measurement length – 300 × 18 nm
·
TIP (thermal inactivation point) – 93 o C
24. Stain used for the detection
of Phytoplasma – DAPI and Diene’s stain
25. Genome of geminiviridae – ss DNA
26. Geminiviridae divided into 4
genera
|
Genera
|
Type species
|
Transmission
|
|
Mastrevirus
|
Maize streak virus
|
Leaf hoppers
|
|
Curtovirus
|
Beet curly top virus
|
Leaf hoppers
|
|
Begmovirus
|
Bean golden mosaic virus
|
White flies
|
|
Topocuvirus
|
Tomato pseudo curly top
virus
|
Tree hopper
|
27. Cell to cell movement of
virus is facilitated by – plasmodesmata
|
Genome
|
Virus group
|
Example
|
|
ss RNA
|
Most of plant viruses
|
TMV
|
|
ds RNA
|
Reovirus
|
Wound tumour virus (70nm)
|
|
|
Mycovirus
|
|
|
ss DNA
|
Geminivirus
|
Bean golden mosaic virus
|
|
ds DNA
|
Caulimovirus
|
Cauliflower mosaic virus
|
Epidemiology
1.
Father of epidemiology – Vanderplank
2.
Book written by vanderplank – Plant
diseases epidemics and control (1963)
3.
Principles of plant infection was written by – Gaumann (1946)
4.
Indian stem rust rules – Nagarajan
and Singh (1975)
5.
Puccinia pathway – Nagarajan and
Joshi (1978)
6.
Active spore dispersal –Pilobolus and Entomophthora muscae
7.
Passive spore dispersal – Botrytis cinerea and Heminthosporium
sativum
8.
Gene for gene hypothesis – H. H.
Flor (1946)
9.
Protein for protein hypothesis –
Vanderplank (1982)
10.
AUDPC – Area under disease progress
curve (vanderplank, 1963)
11.
Expert system
·
TOM –Tomato
·
CONSELLOR – wheat
·
CALEX – peach and nectarine
12.
Simple interest diseases/ monocyclic – Saturation curve (0.02units/ day)
13.
Compound interest diseases/ polycyclic – Sigmoid curve/ S shape (0.1 – 0.5 units/ day)
14.
Polyetic diseases – Bimodal curve (0.02 – 2.3 units/ yr)
15.
1st computer stimulation model – EPIDEM (early blight of tomato and potato), Waggoner and Horsfall, 1969
16.
Stem rust resistant genes – Sr2 & Sr36
17.
leaf rust resistant genes – Lr34 & Lr37
18.
Van Everdingen rules (1926)/ Dutch rules applicable for – Phytophthora
infestans
19.
Mills rules are applicable for – apple
scab
20. CERCOS – Cercospora blight of celery
MYCOS – Mycosphaerella blight of chrysanthemum
EPIMAY – Southern corn leaf blight
EPIVEN – apple scab
EPIDEMIC – wheat stripe rust
BARSIM-I – barley leaf rust
EPIGRAM – barley powdery mildew
SIMPHYT – potato late blight
BLIGHTCAST – late blight of potato
FAST – Forcasting Alternaria solani
of tomato
21.
Boom and bust cycle was given by – Priestley
(1970)
22.
Stewart wilt of corn – Pantoea stewartii
23.
Pea root rot – Aphanomyces euteiches
Phanerogamic parasites and Non parasitic diseases
Ø Complete stem parasite – Cuscuta
Ø partial stem parasite – Loranthus
Ø Complete root parasite – Orabanche
Ø Partial root parasite – Striga
Ø Aeginetia pedunculata – obligate
root parasite (Holoparasite) of sugarcane
Ø Aeginetia pedunculata- 1st reported in India by – Ray and Dasgupta (2004)
Ø Witches broom of cherries is
caused by - Taphrina epiphylla/ Taphrina wiesneri
Ø Which Phanerogamic parasites
having widest host range – Cuscuta
Ø Widely distributed parasitic
species in the word – Cuscuta campestris
Ø Trap crop for Orobanche (Broom rape) – Linseed/ flax seed
Ø Dwarf mistletoe – Arceuthobium
Ø True mistletoe – Phoradendron
viscus
Ø Silver leaf of tomato is
caused by – PAN (Peroxyacyl
nitrates)
Ø Most destructive air
pollutant to plants that is – Oozone
(0.1 – 0.3 ppm)
Nutritional deficiency
|
Sl.no
|
Disease/ disorder
|
Nutritional deficiency
|
|
1
|
Boron
|
Halo stem of cauliflower
Top sickness of tobacco
Fruit cracking of apple
Hard rot of citrus
Hen and chicken disorder of grapes
Heart rot of sugar beet
|
|
2
|
Calcium
|
Blossom end rot of tomato
Blossom end root of melon
Bitter pit of apple
|
|
3
|
Copper
|
Die back of citrus
|
|
4
|
Iron
|
Green netting of citrus
Chlorosis in sugarcane
|
|
6
|
Manganese
|
Pahala blight of sugarcane
Marsh spot of pea
Grey speck of oats
Crinkle leaf disorder of citrus
|
|
7
|
Molybdenum
|
Whip tail of cauliflower
|
|
8
|
Nitrogen
|
Buttoning of cauliflower
Red leaf of cotton
|
|
9
|
Potassium
|
Cotton rust
Marginal necrosis of corn
|
|
11
|
Sulphur
|
Sulphur diseases of mango
Punsukh disease of rice
Yellowing of tea leaves
|
|
12
|
Zinc
|
Little leaf of citrus
Little leaf of mango
Rice khaira diseases
White tip of maize
|
Plant quarantine
Ø EPPO- European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
Ø NAPPO- North American Plant Protection Organization
Ø IPPC- International Plant Protection Convention
Ø 1st International
Plant Protection Convention held in - London
Ø Which country having
toughest quarantine standards in the world – Australia
Ø DIP (Destructive insects and
pests) act – 1914
Ø First quarantine law was
promulgated in – France (1660)
Ø 2003
– Plant quarantine order
Ø 2011
– Online plant quarantine services
Ø NBPGR - National bureau of plant genetic
resources
Ø FRI
– Forest research institute
Ø BSI
– Botanical survey of India
Ø Phytosanitary certificate is
otherwise known as – Phytos/ Rome
certificate
Pathogens are
introduced to India
|
Sl.no
|
Disease
|
Pathogen
|
Year
|
Country
|
|
1
|
Coffee Leaf rust
|
Hemileia vastatrix
|
|
Sri Lanka
|
|
2
|
Late blight of
potato
|
Phytophthora infestans
|
1883
|
Europe
|
|
3
|
Downy mildew of
grapes
|
Plasmopara viticola
|
1910
|
Europe (France)
|
|
4
|
Banana bunchy top
|
Banana bunchy top
virus
|
1940
|
Sri Lanka
|
|
5
|
Potato wart
|
Synchitrium endobioticum
|
1953
|
Netherlands
|
|
6
|
Onion smut
|
Urocystic cepulae
|
1958
|
Europe
|
|
7
|
Downy mildew of onion
|
Peronospora destructor
|
1977
|
Europe
|
|
8
|
Fire blight Pear and
Apple
|
Erwinia amylovora
|
1940
|
England
|
Ø Plant pathogens that has not been reported in India
|
Fungi
|
|
|
Downy mildew of soybean
|
Peronospora manshurica
|
|
Ergot of wheat
|
Claviceps purpurea
|
|
Blue mould of tobacco
|
Peronospora tabacina
|
|
Dwarf bunt o wheat
|
Tilletia controversa
|
|
Bacteria
|
|
|
Fire blight of apple
|
Erwinia amylovora
|
|
Stewart wilt of maize
|
Pantoea stewartii
|
|
Sugarcane gummosis
|
Xanthomonas compestris
pv.vasculorum
|
|
Virus
|
|
|
Plum, peach
|
Plum pox virus
|
|
Sugarcane
|
Fiji virus
|
|
Cocoa
|
Cocoa swollen shoot virus
|
Ø Stem eel warm – Ditylenchus
dipsaci
Ø DPPQS – Directorate of Plant Protection,
Quarantine and storage
Ø AOA –
Agreement on agriculture
Ø TRIPs
- Agreement on Trade related intellectual property rights
Ø TBT
– Technical barrier to trade
Ø PFA – Pest free area
List of pest covered under
domestic quarantine regulation
|
Sl.no
|
Pest/ Disease
|
Host plant
|
Restricted from states
|
|
1
|
Banana bunchy top virus
|
Banana planting material
|
Assam, Kerala, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, and West bengal
|
|
2
|
Banana mosaic virus
|
Banana plants and
material
|
Maharashtra and Gujarat
|
|
3
|
Apple scab (Venturia
inaequalis)
|
Apple planting material
|
Jammu and Kashmir
|
|
4
|
Potato wart (Synchitrium
endobioticum)
|
Potato
|
West Bengal
|
|
5
|
Potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis)
|
Potato
|
Tamil Nadu
|
|
6
|
Coffee berry borer (Hypothenamus hampi)
|
Coffee
|
T.N, Karnataka, Kerala
|
|
7
|
Flute scale (Icerya
purchasi)
|
Many host
|
Karnataka, Chennai, Kerala
|
|
8
|
San jose scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus)
|
Many host
|
Punjab, UP, T.N, WB, Assam, Odisha, HP, Jammu and
Kashmir
|
|
9
|
Codling moth (Carpocapsa
pomenella)
|
Apple and Walnut plants including fruits
|
Ladakh district
|
Chemical nature and
classification of fungicides
Ø Bordeaux mixture was
developed by – Millardet (1882)
Ø Burgundy mixture was
developed by – Masson (1887)
Ø Chestnut compound was
developed by – Bewley (1921)
Ø Who proposed the zone of
inhibition – Burlingham and Reddish
Ø Who introduced first
systemic fungicide – Van Schmeling & Marshal Kulka (1966),
Carboxin
Ø Mode of action of Carboxin –
Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor
(respiration inhibitor)
Ø Book written by Horsfall – Fungicides and their actions (1945)
Ø Mode of actions
|
Chemical
|
Mode of action
|
|
Carboxin & Oxycarboxin
|
Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor
|
|
Benzimidazoles
|
Inhibits beta tubulin bio synthesis
|
|
Metalaxyl
|
Disturbs the fungal nucleic acid synthesis
|
|
Cycloheximide
|
Inhibits protein synthesis
|
|
Chlorani & Dichloran
|
Disturbs the electron transport system
|
Ø Sticker – substances which improves the retention of parties on plant surfaces
Ø FRAC - Fungicide resistance action committee (1981)
Ø Fungicides acts as plant
defence activator – Forsetyl Al,
Metalaxyl and Probenazole
Ø Sulphur sensitive crops – Cucurbits, Apple, Melon and Grapes
Ø Protectant fungicides – Bordeaux mixture, Chorothalanil and
Mancozeb
Ø Fungicides with symplastic
movement – Forsetyl Al, Metalaxyl
Ø Most commonly used
antibiotics – Oxytetracycline and
streptomycin (50 – 300 ppm)
Ø 1st antibiotic
used for plant diseases control - streptomycin
(fire bight of pear)
Ø Who coined the term
antibiotic – Waksman and Henrici, 1943
Ø 1st antibiotic
crystalized – Gliotoxin
Ø 1st commercial
organic product – Uspulum
Ø Who 1st used
systemic fungicide in India – Charanth
(1969) against wheat loose smut
Ø Who 1st used
copper fungicide for the control of sorghum rust – Ozanne (1885)
Ø Who 1st used
Bordeaux mixture in India – Lawrence
(1904)
Ø Who wrote silent spring book
– Rachel carson (1962)
Ø Captan
– Kittleson Killer – 1952
Ø Rust
– Oxycarboxin – Plantvax
Ø Smut
– Carboxin – Vitavax
Ø Book written by Y. L. Nene –
Fungicides in plant disease control
(1971)
Ø Book written by S. C. Vyas –
Systemic fungicides (1984)
Ø Seed protectant- Captan, Thiram, carbendazim and carboxin
Ø Fruit protectant – Captan, maneb, carbendazim and mancozeb
Ø Flower/ blossom protectant – Captan, ferbam, zineb, mancozeb and chlorothalanil
Ø Soil protectant - Bordeaux mixture, COC,
captan and thiram
Biological control
Ø Who reported the parasitic
nature of Trichoderma lingnorumon – Weindling (1932)
Ø Father of biological control
– S. D. Garret
Ø Who coined the biological
control – Von Tabuef (1914)
Ø Father of soil microbiology
– S. A. Waksman
Ø Who introduced the concept
of mycoherbicide – Daniel (1973)
Ø 1st registered
mycoherbicide – DeVine (Phytophthora palmivora)
Ø 1st mycoherbicide
– Collego (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)
Ø SAR (systemic acquired
resistance) coined by – Ross (1960)-
Salicylic acid
Ø Induced systemic resistance
(ISR) – Van loon/ Van peer (1991),
Jasmonic acid, Ethylene
Ø Induced systemic resistance
(ISR) was 1st describe in - Arabidopsis
Ø Bacteriocin was discovered
by – Andrew Gratia (1925)
Ø Bacteriocin produced by E. coli - Colicins
Ø Mycoparasite – fungi living in association with another fungi
Ø Bio-control agent for wheat
leaf rust – Darluca filum
Ø Bio-control agent for
cucurbits powdery mildew, grapes powdery mildew – Ampelomyces quisqualis 10
Ø Commercially available bio-control agents
|
Name
|
Source
|
|
Galltrol
|
Agrobacerium radiobacter K 84
|
|
Nogall
|
Agrobacterium radiobacter K 1026
|
|
Kodiak
|
Bacillus subtilis GB 03
|
|
Dagger G
|
Pseudomonas
fluorescens
|
|
AQ 10
|
Ampelomyces
quisqualis 10
|
|
F- stop
|
Trichoderma harzianum
|
|
SoilGard
|
Gliocladium virens GL -21
|
Ø Mycoherbicides
|
Trade name
|
Mycoherbicide
|
Weed controlled
|
Weed scientific name
|
|
Collego
|
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
|
North jointvetch
|
Aeschynomene
virginica
|
|
Biomal
|
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
|
Round-leaf mallow
|
Malva pusilla
|
|
Devine
|
Phytophthora palmivora
|
Milk weed wine weed
|
Morrenia adorata
|
|
Casst
|
Alternaria cassiae
|
Sickle pod
|
Senna obtusifolia
|
|
LUBOA 2
|
Colletotrichum
goeosporiodes f.sp. cuscutae
|
Dodder
|
Cucuta sp
|
|
ABG 5003
|
Cercospora rodmnii
|
Water hycanith
|
Eichhorina crassipes
|
Ø Who 1st coined
the term fungistasis – Dobbs and Hinson
(1972)
Ø 1st commercially
available to control butt rot of pines – Peniphora gigantean/ Phlebiopsis gigantean
Ø Who 1st developed
the commercial bio-control agent for crown gall (Agrobacterium radiobacter),
K84 - New and Kerr (1972)
Ø What are the different
antibiotics produced by Trichoderma –
Gliotoxin,
Trichodermin and viridin
Ø Book written by Baker and Cook (1974) - Biologic control of plant pathogens
Ø 1st plant defence
activator compound – CGA 245704 (Actigard),
1996
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